How are household and personal effects valued for federal estate tax?
At fair market value on the date of death under Treasury Regulation 20.2031-6: the price a willing buyer would pay a willing seller, both reasonably informed and neither compelled to act. Replacement cost, sentimental value, and the original purchase price are not the measure, and confusing any of them for it is where most disputed personal property values go wrong.
Does personal property alone decide whether Form 706 is filed?
No. The filing threshold applies to the entire gross estate plus adjusted taxable gifts, and many estates that owe nothing still file to elect portability of the deceased spouse's unused exclusion. Once a return is due, though, the personal property has to be reported at a supported fair market value like every other asset, per IRS estate tax guidance.
Why does the estate tax value of personal property matter to the heirs later?
Because Internal Revenue Code § 1014 generally sets an heir's income tax basis at the date-of-death value. An understated appraisal does not save the family anything overall: it moves the tax from the estate to the beneficiary, who reports a larger gain whenever the item is sold. An overstated one has the opposite effect and the estate pays for it now.
Can an executor value the contents themselves and appraise only the valuable pieces?
Often, yes, and the regulation is built for it. Ordinary furnishings are grouped by room, with articles in a room worth under $100 in total able to be listed together. The appraisal requirement attaches where articles of marked artistic or intrinsic value exceed $3,000 in total, which is why the first task is identifying which pieces are in that group rather than valuing everything in the house.