What standard of value do lenders apply to pledged business assets?
Lenders start from a market-based standard but underwrite to liquidation-adjusted numbers. Federal Farm Credit regulations at 12 CFR 614.4250 require a written collateral evaluation stating market value and analyzing highest and best use, yet most lenders then haircut hard assets to a distressed-sale figure, commonly 50 to 70 percent of market value, before setting the loan amount.
What share of appraised value will a lender actually advance?
Far less than 100 percent. Typical advance rates run about 60 to 80 percent for new equipment, 70 to 90 percent for accounts receivable, and only 20 to 50 percent for inventory, and lenders often want total collateral coverage of 100 to 125 percent of the loan. At a 60 percent loan-to-value ratio, a borrower needs collateral worth roughly 1.7 times the loan.
Is a full appraisal always required for business collateral?
No. For non-real-estate collateral on routine or lower-risk loans, the NCUA Examiner's Guide accepts published value guides, public auction data, and dealer invoices, validated against multiple sources. A full appraisal by a qualified appraiser becomes appropriate as transaction size and specialization increase, and regulators require an independent appraisal to support values above net book value.
Why does the appraisal's no-compulsion assumption clash with lender practice?
Because Revenue Ruling 59-60 fair market value assumes neither party is compelled to transact, while secured lenders plan for a default sale under time pressure. The same business assets can carry a defensible fair market value and a much lower forced-liquidation figure, so we state the standard of value explicitly so the number matches the lender's actual question.