What standard applies when equipment is measured for GAAP reporting?
ASC 820 fair value: the exit price in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It governs equipment measured in business combinations under ASC 805 and impairment testing under ASC 360, and it is conceptually distinct from the fair market value used in tax work and the liquidation values used by lenders.
Can equipment be written up to an appraised value on the balance sheet?
Not under U.S. GAAP. Property, plant, and equipment stay at historical cost less depreciation and impairment, and APB Opinion No. 6 expressly prohibits writing assets up to appraisal or market values above cost. IFRS differs: IAS 16 permits a revaluation model carried at fair value, which is why the two frameworks diverge on the same machine.
When does an equipment appraisal actually enter the financials?
At impairment and reclassification events: when carrying amounts of held-and-used equipment may not be recoverable, ASC 360 requires writing them down to fair value, and equipment held for sale is measured at fair value less selling costs with depreciation stopped. Those fair values are typically developed by appraisal using market, cost, or income approaches.
Why will auditors reject a lender's liquidation appraisal here?
Because orderly and forced liquidation values assume compelled sales, not the orderly market-participant transaction ASC 820 requires, and the measurement must prioritize observable market inputs over formula-driven depreciated cost. The report also needs USPAP-consistent disclosure of its standard of value, premise, and effective date to survive audit review.